Clay Minerals and Soil Structure

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1. Clay Minerals

1.1 Origin of Clay Minerals

1.2 Basic Unit-Silica Tetrahedra

1.3 Synthesis

1.4 1:1 Minerals-Kaolinite

1.5 2:1 Minerals-Montmorillonite

1.6 2:1:1 Minerals-Chlorite

1.7 Chain Structure Clay Minerals

1.8 Mixed Layer Clays

1.9 Noncrystalline Clay Materials

2. Identification of Clay Minerals

2.1 X-ray diffraction

2.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

2.3 Other Methods

3. Specific Surface (S_s)

3.1 Definition

3.2 Typical Values

4. Interaction of Water and Clay Minerals

4.1 Origins of Charge Deficiencies

4.2 Origins of Charge Deficiencies (Cont.)

4.3 “Charged” Clay Particles

4.4 Polar Water Molecules

4.5 Clay-Water Interaction

5. Interaction of Clay Particles (or Layers)

5.1 Diffuse Double Layer

5.2 Interaction Forces

5.3 Thickness of Double Layer

5.4 Interaction of Clay Particles

5.5 Atterberg Limit of Clay Minerals

5.6 Cation Replaceability

5.7 Cation Replaceability (Cont.)

5.8 Swelling Potential

5.9 Engineering Applications

6. Soil Structure and Fabric

7. Soil Fabric-Natural Soil(fine-grained soils)

7.1 Microfabric Features in Natural Soils

7.2 Particle Assemblages

7.3 Pore Space Types

8. Soil Fabric-Clay Soils

8.1 Terminology

8.2 Particle Associations

8.3 Summary

8.4 Fabric of Natural Clay Soils

9. Soil Fabrics-Granular Soils

9.1 Packing

9.2 Load Transfer

9.3 The Relative Density (D_r)

10. Loess
11. Suggested Homework
12. References